Basic terms in photography

 1) Aperture

The aperture is the adjustable opening in the lens that controls the amount (volume) of light hitting the camera sensor.

. Measurement: Measured in f-stops (e.g., f28,f/11).

. Effect: A lower f-number (f/2.8) means a wider opening, letting in more light and creating a shallow depth of field (blurry background). A higher f-number (/16) means a narrower opening, letting in less light and creating a deep depth of field (sharp background).

2)Shutter Speed

Shutter speed is the duration of time the camera's sensor iS exposed to light. S

. easurement: Measured in seconds or fractions of a second (e.g., 1/200s, 2s).

. Effect:

‣ Exposure: Controls the length of time light hits the sensor. Longer speeds allow more light. 2 +

• Motion: A fast speed (1/1000s) freezes motion, and a slow speed (e.g., 1/2s) blurs motion, creating streaks or silky water effects.

3)ISO

ISO is the sensitivity of your camera's sensor to light. S

. Measurement: Measured numerically (e.g, 100, 400, 3200).

• Effect: A lower ISO (e.g. 100) is less sensitive, yielding the cleanest image quality, and is best for bright light. A higher i ISO (e.g., 3200) is more sensitive, which brightens photos in low light but introduces digital noise (graininess).

4)Depth of Field (DoF)

Depth of field is the distance range in a photograph where objects appear to be in acceptably sharp focus.

‣ Shallow DoF: Only a small part of the image is sharp (e.g., a portrait subject is sharp, but the background is blurry). Achieved with a wide aperture (low f-number), longer focal length, and/or closeness to the subject.

Deep DoF: Almost everything from the foreground to the background is sharp (e.g.r a landscape photo). Achieved with a narrow aperture (high f-number) and wider focal length.

5)White Balance (WB)

White balance is the setting that corrects for the color cast (or color temperature) of the light source to ensure that objects that are white in reality appear white in the photograph.

• Function: Different light sources (sunlight, shade, tungsten bulbs) cast different colors (blueish or yellowish tones). WB shifts the color balance to make the colors in the photo look natural.

. Settings: Typically set using presets like "Daylight,"Cloudy." "Tungsten,"" or "Auto WB."

6)Flash

Flash is a device that produces a brief, intense burst of artificiallight to illuminate a scene.

. Purpose: Primarily to provide necessary light in dark conditions or to fill in harsh shadows on subject (fll flash) even when shooting in daylight. Its extremely short duration can also effectively freeze fast-moving subjects.